I recently started using Genymotion for emulating an Android image so I could test an app.  To install the app I simply dragged and dropped the apk file into the running Genymotion VM of the phone.  But for some reason the app just kept crashing with the error “unfortunately, your application has stopped”.

Running the following gave me a ton of output but this was what was the relevant bit:

$ adb -e logcat

java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: Cannot load library: load_library(linker.cpp:750): library “/system/lib/libhoudini.so” not found

What in the world is libhoudini??? Some googling brought me to this post.

According to this I needed an ARM translation library so the app still thinks it’s running on an ARM processor (which it isn’t because it’s running in x86 Virtualbox hypervisor).  Simply drag-n-drop the ARM translation.zip file into the Genymotion VM and boom, you should be good to go!

If you are writing some Ring0 (or privileged mode code), say something like device drivers in Windows you’d probably be better served with a separate development machine and a deployment machine. This helps you to write poor code and still not lose hair because your development machine blue screens! 🙂

My setup was using a Windows 8.1 development machine and a Hyper-V based Windows 7 machine for debugging. You will need to execute different tasks on the “guest” (Hyper-V based Windows 7 virtual machine) and some other tasks on the development machine.  I followed many of the things from the MSDN blog post here

On your guest machine you would want to setup a named pipe and setup debug settings. To do that this is what you need to do:

Setup a virtual com port in the Hyper-V Settings (File -> Settings) , this port will be used to communicate from the host machine to the guest to communicate the Kernel debugging commands.

Now make sure that your target guest machine is configured to “listen” those commands.  Inside the guest VM, start a command shell (cmd.exe -> Run as Administrator).

Configure the bcdedit commands so that the machine can now be debugged.  Right after the 2nd command, reboot your Virtual Machine.

With the VM now configured to listen the debug commands via the COM1 port, and the debug mode on in the bootup settings, now start the WinDbg x64 on the host (using “Run as administrator”; you need administrative privileges for communication via Serial port).  In your kernel debugger on the host or the development machine (I’m assuming that these are both on the same physical hardware here).  Click on File -> Kernel Debug and you should see the following screen in the WinDbg window:

Hit Ctrl+Break or Debug -> Break and you will see something like this:

Just remember that when you break in the debugger, your guest in Hyper-V should become “unresponsive”.  The only thing is that it is not really unresponsive, its just being debugged.  Just to make sure, that you have the symbols package that is quite useful for debugging run the following command:

!process 0 0

If you see something like the following screen show up:

The following error means that the symbols are not defined.  Symbols help the debugger give more information about the commands that you are going to execute in the debugger.

**** NT ACTIVE PROCESS DUMP ****
NT symbols are incorrect, please fix symbols

To fix this, use the following commands:

kd> .sympath SRV*c:\symcache*http://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols
kd> .symfix
kd> .symfix c:\symcache
kd> !sym noisy
kd> .reload /o

Then again try the command: !process 0 0 and see if you get a good response.  A good response looks like the following:

With this you should be good to go! Happy debugging and writing cool Ring0 code.

hey, we need to check that your connection works, torrent this file and md5 it

http://services.2014.shallweplayaga.me/hackertool.torrent_fe3b8b75e9639d35e8ac1d9809726ee2

The torrent file when loaded into Vuze showed that the file name was every_ip_address.txt. So I downloaded some of the file and observed the format. The format of the file was “0.0.0.1\n0.0.0.2\n…. “.

So I wrote a quick python script to calculate the md5:

#!/bin/python
import hashlib
m = hashlib.md5()
fsize = 0
a = ''
for i in xrange(256):
    for j in xrange(256):
        for k in xrange(256):
            for l in xrange(256):
                a = str(i)+'.'+str(j)+'.'+str(k)+'.'+str(l)+'\n'
                fsize += len(a)
                m.update( a )
print m.hexdigest()

The flag was “1a97f624cc74e4944350c04f5ae1fe8d”.

On the recently concluded PlaidCTF (which was an awesome competition) by PPP there was a problem.  Here it goes:

Question: We managed to get the source code for an encryption service running at 54.234.224.216:4433.

I have listed the python source provided below:

#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import struct
import SocketServer
import zlib
from Crypto.Cipher import AES
from Crypto.Util import Counter

# Not the real keys!
ENCRYPT_KEY = '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'.decode('hex')
# Determine this key.
# Character set: lowercase letters and underscore
PROBLEM_KEY = 'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX'

def encrypt(data, ctr):
    aes = AES.new(ENCRYPT_KEY, AES.MODE_CTR, counter=ctr)
    return aes.encrypt(zlib.compress(data))

class ProblemHandler(SocketServer.StreamRequestHandler):
    def handle(self):
        nonce = os.urandom(8)
        self.wfile.write(nonce)
        ctr = Counter.new(64, prefix=nonce)
        while True:
            data = self.rfile.read(4)
            if not data:
                break

            try:
                length = struct.unpack('I', data)[0]
                if length > (1<<20):
                    break
                data = self.rfile.read(length)
                data += PROBLEM_KEY
                ciphertext = encrypt(data, ctr)
                self.wfile.write(struct.pack('I', len(ciphertext)))
                self.wfile.write(ciphertext)
            except:
                break

class ReusableTCPServer(SocketServer.ForkingMixIn, SocketServer.TCPServer):
    allow_reuse_address = True

if __name__ == '__main__':
    HOST = '0.0.0.0'
    PORT = 4433
    SocketServer.TCPServer.allow_reuse_address = True
    server = ReusableTCPServer((HOST, PORT), ProblemHandler)
    server.serve_forever()

The key on this challenge is to see that the stream encryption is being done on the compressed input. In the source provided, if the user input is similar to the secret value in the PROBLEM_DATA variable then the zlib.compress() function would show a reduced length ciphertext. This is somewhat (and I use the term loosely) similar to the CRIME vulnerability. The AES Counter mode RFC has the implementation details of the cipher. So I wrote the following script.

import socket
import sys
from itertools import *
import struct
def display(msg,numbytes):
	#print >>sys.stderr, 'received "%s"' % msg
	#print >>sys.stderr, 'bytes "%d"' % numbytes
	print >>sys.stderr, 'bytes %d ' % numbytes + msg.encode('hex')
# Create a TCP/IP socket
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# Connect the socket to the port where the server is listening
server_address = ('54.234.224.216', 4433)
print >>sys.stderr, 'connecting to %s port %s' % server_address
sock.connect(server_address)
#mesage len = 20 lowercase and underscore letters
try:
	amount_received = 0
	nonce = sock.recv(8)
	amount_received += len(nonce)
	# Send data
	#strng = 'crime_some'
	#minciphlen = 1000
	#strng = 'crimes_pays'
	#strng = 'so_'
	#strng = 'crime_some_times_pays'
	#strng = 'somet_'
	strng = 'cr'
	minchar = ''
	ciphlen = 1000
	sampleset = 'hijklmnopqrstuvwxyz_abdefgc'
	#while True:
	strng = strng + minchar	
	minciphlen = ciphlen
	minchar = ''
	for s in map("".join,permutations(sampleset,1)):
		#message = nonce +  (strng + s)*10  #'\x00'*11 + s
		message = strng + s
		datalen = struct.pack('I',len(message))  # datalen = '\xe4\x00\x00\x00'
		sock.sendall(datalen)
		#print >>sys.stderr, 'sending '+ message
		sock.sendall(message)
		#print >>sys.stderr, 'message sent'
		amount_received = 0
		# Look for the response
		data = sock.recv(4)
		amount_received += len(data)
		ciphlen = struct.unpack('I', data)[0]
		#print >>sys.stderr, message + ' ' 
		amount_received = 0
		if ciphlen <= minciphlen:
			minciphlen = ciphlen
			minchar = s
			print str(ciphlen) + ' It is ' + strng + minchar
		data = sock.recv(ciphlen)
		#display(data,ciphlen)		
finally:
    print >>sys.stderr, 'closing socket'
    sock.close()

When you connect to the service it provides you the nonce, so I prepended the nonce to the plaintext. The above script shows the plaintext and the length of the cipher text. To start off with this, you start with a string of length 1, and see which is the smallest length response, that gives your first character. Then in the

strng

variable above, you add that character and run again, and the lowest length ciphertext tells you the next character and so on. I noticed that sometimes the output had a few characters with the lowest length. So I tried each of them and ended up with the following flag:

crime_sometimes_pays 

In the past few days, coincidentally I’ve been thrown into situations where packet forgery has been required. So I thought it’ll be a great moment to enumerate some good options that network or security professionals have. The basis for most of these tools lies in libnet and libpcap which are some of the most wonderfully functional libraries out there.

• Packetforge-ng – On the wireless side this utility allows you to capture wireless packets and create legitimate packets with a pre-determined payload that can then be replayed using tools such as aireplay-ng
• Scapy – This is a python based tool and can be extended to write custom Python scripts to custom create packets. This library has great functions to form packets layer-by-layer and other functions such as fuzz() that allow fuzzing of packets out of the box. The greatest utility comes by the use of python language to create custom tools. Imagine creating custom thick clients just by using simple python scripts. The capabilities with this library are endless!
• TCPReplay – Just convert your pcaps into traffic by replaying them. An excellent tool but be careful if you’ve sniffed some ARP packets. You could end up corrupting the ARP table entries (unless that’s exactly what your intentions is 😉
• file2air – An excellent tool by Joshua Wright to replay packet contents.
• Packit – A really easy to use and functional linux based packet injection tool.

I wrote a very small script to set static IPs on a kubuntu box.

#!/bin/bash
if [ $# -lt 4 ]
then
    echo "Usage: $0 <interface> <ip> <netmask> <gateway> <dns1>"
exit
fi
ifconfig $1 $2 netmask $3
echo "Static IP set"
route add default gw $4
echo "Routes added"
if [ "$5" != "" ]
then
    echo "nameserver $5" >>/etc/resolv.conf
fi
echo "DNS set"